Civil Engineering

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<b>      Literally speaking natural disaster
is the effect of a natural hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption,
earthquake, heat wave, or landslide). Disaster management is increasingly a
global enterprise for international organizations, Governmental institutions,
and arguably individuals. Disasters are either caused by natural phenomena or
human action. Natural disasters can be also exacerbated by human error during
reaction and mitigation .Examples of natural disasters   internationally mitigated include
earthquakes, volcano eruptions, severe droughts, floods, and indeed tsunamis.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>            Disaster management is a vast domain
that includes treaties, laws, policies, equipment, and training implemented by
the United Nations down to community civil defense organizations. Organizations
can be characterized by their roles in disaster management such as policy
making, types of disasters they respond to, funding sources and benefactors,
information sharing, training and preparation, response personnel and
equipment, damage assessment, response and recovery, and control. Local
government should provide them with economical as well as human resources.
Disasters on a continuum include small-scale events localized. Small disasters
are relevant, often posing unique problems, they typically are locally
mitigated. <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>             Disaster management begins with
preparations. Preparations range from earthquake proof building codes to public
alerts. Preparations also include training. Training not only familiarizes
people with disaster management duties, but also identifies where additional
preparations might be needed. For disaster management training, situational
awareness depicting a scenario both analog and digitally can be used to
exercise participants. Analog procedures could be as simple as having
participants use a map and phone to react to scripted events. Digital
procedures might be as complex as simulations portraying a disaster and participant
mitigation efforts distributed in real-time across dedicated communication
lines. <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>          The training should reflect the real
disaster were it to occur. Then only we can bail out of such devastating
situation. Disaster management training is often conducted with the use of
localized and distributed simulations.</b><o:p></o:p><br />
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Disaster Management

Literally speaking natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruptio...

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<b>         Nanotechnology is one of the youngest discipline of science. Literally speaking "nano" means "a billionth of a meter", so the technique or technology employed to manipulate matter at this level is called "Nanotechnology". What a civil engineer is responsible for the building and designing of structure that is durable, comfortable and economical with construction and maintenance. The materials used in construction are concrete, steel, cables, glasses, paints etc. Materials used in construction works has properties like elasticity, density etc., which further influences life, strength and even the economy of construction. Maintenance of the structure is also serious concern for a civil engineer. Earthquakes, acid rain, chemical activity of materials in construction etc. affects the strength and durability parameters of the structure. But the structure has to withstand these all with acceptable damage(non-structural). To cope with such challenges we need to apply nanotechnology to enhance the material properties like:-</b></div>
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<b>1. Concrete properties can be improved using CNT.</b><br />
<b>2. Temperature dependent properties of steel can be enhanced.</b><br />
<b>3. High strength cables are made.</b><br />
<b>4. Self-cleaning glasses are made.</b><br />
<b>5. Hydrophobic and heat insulating paints are produced.</b><br />
<b>6. Nanosensors are used for SHM. and many others.</b><br />
<b>USA has spent more than 20 billion on Nanotechnology.</b><br />
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Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering

Nanotechnology is one of the youngest discipline of science. Literally speaking "nano" means "a billion...